Early Life:

Dakshayani Velayudhan was born on 15 July 1912 in Mulavukad a small island in present-day Ernakulam district. She belonged to the Pulaya community, who were assigned to the rear end of the rigorously oppressive caste system. Pulayas were mostly engaged as lowly-paid agricultural labourers, and subjected to a range of humiliations including being barred from using public roads, maintaining a certain distance from upper caste persons, and the women prohibited from covering their upper bodies with any garment.

 

An important event was held in Kochi in 1913, in the form of the Kayal Sammelanam. Hundreds of Pulayas, including Velayudhan's family members, came together and met on small boats in Kerala's backwaters, as they were barred from assembling on land. The event clearly had a significant impact on Dakshayani's life, who is said to have requested that her biography be titled ‘The Sea has no Caste.’

 

Velayudhan went on to become one of the first women from her community to earn a university degree in the form of a B.Sc in Chemistry from Maharaja's College. Attracted to Gandhian philosophy, she spent a considerable amount of time in the Wardha Ashram, where she got married to Raman Velayudhan in 1940.

 

Role in India's Independence Movement:

Velayudhan was inspired to enter active politics by her family members' active involvement in civil disobedience movements against upper caste diktats. 

 

Velayudhan emerged as a fierce critic of Congress politics, writing strongly against them in the All India Scheduled Castes Federation's (AISCF) weekly journal, Jai Bheem.  At the same time, she was also critical of the AISCF and B.R. Ambedkar's politics, specifically their demand for separate electorates for the Scheduled Castes.   

 

Fierce attacks, often parsed in sexist terms, from both Congress and AISCF followed. Fervent petitions were addressed to the Congress high command by Madras Congressmen opposing her nomination to the Constituent Assembly. In spite of these she was elected to the body in 1946.

 

In 1945, she had also been nominated to the Cochin Legislative Council.

 

Contribution to Constitution Making:

Velayudhan was elected to the Constituent Assembly from the Madras constituency. At the age of 34, she was one of the youngest and the only Dalit woman member of the Constituent Assembly. 

 

In the Assembly, Velayudhan emerged as a strong, independent voice, unafraid to go against popular opinion. Velayudhan made her inaugural intervention during the Assembly's response to Nehru's Objective Resolution. Asserting that although there were several models to follow when framing a constitution, she emphasised that the Indian Constitution had a more substantial task than simply mediating the relationship between state and society; it had to overhaul society itself.

 

Velayudhan also took on B.R Ambedkar and M Nagappa on an amendment that would have required a reserved seat candidate to secure a minimum proportion of votes from Scheduled Caste voters, arguing that this was akin to separate electorates.

 

Velayudhan also held strong views on the type of federalism that India should adopt. Her critique of the Draft Constitution of India 1948 focused on the lack of decentralisation and the potential for a strong central government to dominate over state governments. She specifically highlighted the method of appointing Governors of states, which she argued would further centralise power.  

 

Later contributions:

Velayudhan was a part of the Provincial Parliament together with her husband, arguably making them the first Dalit couple in the Parliament.

 

She continued her civil society work with a focus on Dalit rights. In 1977, she set up a women’s rights organization Mahila Jagriti Parishad in Delhi. 

 

In 2019, the Kerala Government instituted the Dakshayani Velayudhan award, which is to be bestowed on women who work towards the empowerment of other women in the state.

 

She passed away on 20 July 1978, at the age of 66.